Serious question; what does religion have to do with the Indonesian Independence struggle? Anyone got some links?
Many Dutch research papers on the role of Islam in the Independence. And also on the tri-pillar society model from Soekarno (Army, Communist, Islam).
This is an automated translation of an article by Marianne Boissevain in 1995:
Because the Dutch were wicked, every battle against them was automatically a holy war - the independence struggle of fifty years ago as well as the many wars of Islamic sultanates against the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Nevertheless, a separation of ideas soon emerged between the Islamic nobility, whose secular power depended on the approval of the Dutch, and the scribes, whose Islam schools (pesantren) often included anti-Dutch resistance.
Naturally, the Dutch tried to get Islam under control. They imposed all sorts of restrictions on Mecca-goers, and no hadji was ever appointed regent. From 1925, anyone who taught at an Islamic school had to apply for a permit, but no matter how intelligent their pupils were, who once attended an Islam school was never admitted to a public school. And still in the thirties there was no mosque in all of Batavia - they could only be built on the outskirts of the city.
At the end of the nineteenth century the Dutch Islam expert Snouck Hurgronje developed a dual Islam policy. First, the Muslims should not be hindered in the exercise of their religion - including the pilgrimage. Very sensible, because if you disturb a Muslim with his religious duties you will get real difficulties.
But secondly there are the social customs of Islam, such as paying the obligatory alms (zakat) and the meetings after the Friday prayer - you had to keep an eye on that according to Snouck. Because if they turned out to be political activities - and for a Muslim it is very difficult to separate religion and politics - then you had to suppress them.
Around the turn of the century Islam was regarded not only as a religion, but also as a nation. When Jakarta got its first cinema in 1910, it was classified in First Class, Second Class and Muslim Class - 'Muslim' was therefore a synonym for indigenous people. Two years later the first Islamic organization was established: the Sarekat Islam - and that was not only meant as an organization of Muslims, but also as an organization of the indigenous people. '
Although the Sarekat Islam was founded by a small group of Javanese merchants who wanted to join forces against the competition of the Chinese traders, the organization soon found an echo among Indonesians of all walks of life. Millions of town and country residents joined in protest against their cumbersome circumstances, increasing the influence of Marxists in the movement. Ultimately, the Sarekat Islam would languish to an internal battle between the supporters of Mecca and Moscow.
As the Sarekat Islam became more socialist, its role as an Islamic organization was gradually taken over by Muhammadiyah, which was also founded in 1912. This made a strong case for a modern Islam by setting up schools where not only Islamic but also modern, Western education was given and by keeping the Friday sermons in the vernacular.
The scribes felt threatened by the success of the modernist Muhammadiyah and founded the Nahdatul Ulama (the Awakening of the Scribes) in 1926. This orthodox organization competed with the Muhammadiyah in missionary zeal, with which she gained a lot of support in the countryside, especially in the long term. But both of them inspired the broad masses to resist colonial oppression.